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Nabiximols

Cannabinoid · Muscle Relaxant

Also known as Sativex, Cannabis extract, Dronabinol/Cannabidiol

CannabinoidMuscle Relaxant
CDSCO approvedSchedule X
EXCRETION
not curated
INTERACTIONS
none in our sources
PREGNANCY
Manufacturer advises use only if potential benefit outweighs risks.
FDA category + note

Mechanism

Nabiximols contains Δ9-THC and CBD as its active principles. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a low-affinity agonist at CB1/CB2 receptors. Additionally, CBD binds to other (orphan) GPCRs and can influence serotonin and opioid signaling.

Indications

Adjunct in moderate to severe spasticity in multiple sclerosis (specialist use only)moderate to severe spasticity and associated pain in multiple sclerosis

Dosing

Adult
THC and CBD. Initially only marketed in the United Kingdom, it is now widely available to treat symptoms of multiple sclerosis. In the USA, nabiximols is Chronic exposure to marijuana leads to dependence, which is revealed by a distinctive, but mild and short­lived withdrawal syndrome that includes restlessness, irritability, mild agitation, insomnia, nausea, and cramping.…
Pediatric
Nabiximols is not approved for pediatric use.

Pharmacokinetics

Peak effect
1 h after oromucosal administration (THC component)
Protein binding
Pharmacokinetics are notably variable between patients, with mixed oromucosal and intestinal absorption contributing to this variability. Co-consumption of food increases peak plasma levels and exposure for both THC (~2-fold) and CBD (~4-fold).
Metabolism
dominated by the metabolism of its two primary active components, THC and CBD.

Contraindications

  • Family history of psychosis
  • History of other severe psychiatric disorder
  • Personal history of psychosis

Side effects

Common
Appetite abnormalBalance impairedConcentration impairedConstipationDepressionDiarrhoeaDisorientationDizzinessDrowsinessDry mouthDysarthriaEuphoric moodFeeling drunkMalaiseMemory lossNauseaOral disordersPerception alteredTaste alteredVertigoVision blurredVomitingfatigueproblems with memory/concentration
Serious
  • Abdominal pain upper
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Hypertension
  • Palpitations
  • Paranoia
  • Pharyngitis
  • Suicidal ideation
  • Syncope
  • Tachycardia
  • Throat irritation
  • Tooth discolouration

Pregnancy & lactation

Pregnancy

Manufacturer advises use only if potential benefit outweighs risks.

Lactation

Avoid—present in milk.

Drug interactions

Aprepitant
Moderate
Textbook

Potential for nabiximols to increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. Increased THC and CBD exposure.

If the doses of drugs in these classes are increased or decreased when a patient is receiving nabiximols, their dosing should be reviewed.

Source: G&G 14e · p514

Carbamazepine
Moderate
Textbook

Decreased THC and CBD exposure, potentially reducing nabiximols efficacy.

If the doses of drugs in these classes are increased or decreased when a patient is receiving nabiximols, their dosing should be reviewed.

Source: G&G 14e · p514

Ciprofloxacin
Moderate
Textbook

Potential for nabiximols to increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. Increased THC and CBD exposure.

If the doses of drugs in these classes are increased or decreased when a patient is receiving nabiximols, their dosing should be reviewed.

Source: G&G 14e · p514

Clarithromycin
Moderate
Textbook

Potential for nabiximols to increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. Increased THC and CBD exposure.

If the doses of drugs in these classes are increased or decreased when a patient is receiving nabiximols, their dosing should be reviewed.

Source: G&G 14e · p514

Cobicistat
Moderate
Textbook

Potential for nabiximols to increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. Increased THC and CBD exposure.

If the doses of drugs in these classes are increased or decreased when a patient is receiving nabiximols, their dosing should be reviewed.

Source: G&G 14e · p514

Dexamethasone
Moderate
Textbook

Decreased THC and CBD exposure, potentially reducing nabiximols efficacy.

If the doses of drugs in these classes are increased or decreased when a patient is receiving nabiximols, their dosing should be reviewed.

Source: G&G 14e · p514

Diltiazem
Moderate
Textbook

Potential for nabiximols to increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. Increased THC and CBD exposure.

If the doses of drugs in these classes are increased or decreased when a patient is receiving nabiximols, their dosing should be reviewed.

Source: G&G 14e · p514

Efavirenz
Moderate
Textbook

Decreased THC and CBD exposure, potentially reducing nabiximols efficacy.

If the doses of drugs in these classes are increased or decreased when a patient is receiving nabiximols, their dosing should be reviewed.

Source: G&G 14e · p514

Erythromycin
Moderate
Textbook

Potential for nabiximols to increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. Increased THC and CBD exposure.

If the doses of drugs in these classes are increased or decreased when a patient is receiving nabiximols, their dosing should be reviewed.

Source: G&G 14e · p514

Etravirine
Moderate
Textbook

Decreased THC and CBD exposure, potentially reducing nabiximols efficacy.

If the doses of drugs in these classes are increased or decreased when a patient is receiving nabiximols, their dosing should be reviewed.

Source: G&G 14e · p514

Fluconazole
Moderate
Textbook

Potential for nabiximols to increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. Increased THC and CBD exposure.

If the doses of drugs in these classes are increased or decreased when a patient is receiving nabiximols, their dosing should be reviewed.

Source: G&G 14e · p514

Imatinib
Moderate
Textbook

Potential for nabiximols to increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. Increased THC and CBD exposure.

If the doses of drugs in these classes are increased or decreased when a patient is receiving nabiximols, their dosing should be reviewed.

Source: G&G 14e · p514

Related guidelines

Other Cannabinoid drugs

Ask House about Nabiximols

Continue into a citation-backed clinical answer with the drug context already attached.

Sources: Goodman & Gilman 14e, Katzung·Verified: 2026-05-13 · House clinical team